Kaha Mohamed Aden

Kaha Mohamed Aden was an Italian writer of Somali origin. She was born in Mogadishu in 1966 and reached Italy in 1986. She moved to Pavia in 1987. Her father, Mohamed Aden Sheikh, was a politician, who was imprisoned in 1975, from 1982 to 1989 (six years of which he spent in total isolation at the Labanta Girow prison), as an opponent of Mohamed Siad Barre’s dictatorial regime. Kaha narrates her father's arrest in the short story ‘1982: fuga da casa’.

Kaha graduated in economics and took her Master’s degree at the European School for Advanced Studies in Co-operation and Development – IUSS Pavia. In 2002, she was awarded the San Siro prize by the Pavia City Council in recognition of her contribution to solidarity and immigrant integration. Unlike most Italian authors of Somali origin, Kaha was educated in Somali schools, during the socialist period. Kaha learnt to write in Somali rather than in Italian or English, as Somali has been written with a codified alphabet since 1972.

Her collection of short stories, Fra-intendimenti, was published in 2010 by Nottetempo. As Alessandra Marino points out, this title ‘introduces the central theme of the precariousness of intercultural communication as a border practice. The deconstruction of the Italian word fraintendimenti, literally meaning ‘misunderstandings’, refers both to the migrants’ condition of living in-between (fra) languages and discourses (intendimenti), and to the risk of failure that is embedded in the exercise of cultural negotiation’ (139). One of the most significant stories of this collection is perhaps ‘Nonno Y. e il colore degli alleati’, which focuses on the Italian trusteeship administration of Somalia (1950-1960), a period that has still not received adequate critical attention in Italy. ‘Eeddo Maryan’ shows the legacy of colonialism both in Somalia and Italy, as both Somalis and Italians have prejudices against each other. ‘Apriti Sesamo’ describes the Bossi-Fini immigration Law 189/2002 as a nightmare: like K. in Kafka’s The Trial, the main character of this short story is arrested without having done anything wrong. Fra- intendimenti also recounts several specific periods of Somali history such as the campaign for alphabetisation, or Ololaha (‘Xuseyn, Suleyman e Loro’), the ethnic cleansing after Siad Barre’s fall in 1991 (‘La casa con l’albero: tra il Giusto e il Bene’), and recounts some of the stories of the Somali Diaspora to Italy (‘Nadia’).

Kaha’s work also includes a theatre play, Specchio specchio delle mie brame chi è più abile nel reame?, and oral performances, such as Mettiti nei miei panni, La valigia della zia, and La quarta via. La quarta via was presented at several cultural events and festivals, among them at the Seventh Conference of ISOLA (International Society for the Oral Literatures of Africa) in Lecce (2008), the International Award ‘Alexander Langer’ in Bolzano the same year, and at the Italian Institute of Culture in Nairobi, and the University of Nairobi in 2010.

In La quarta via, the capital city of Somalia is divided into four main streets, each corresponding to different historical periods. The ‘first road’ is the Islamic district of Mogadishu, facing the Indian Ocean. A past of trade and commerce, cultural exchanges, knowledge and the scent of a thousand spices from Puntland becomes the starting point of a journey towards our contemporaneity. The ‘second road’ introduces a less mythical but important stage in the development of the town: the colonial period and the traces left by Italian domination in Somalia. The ‘third road’ describes the hopes for a new Somalia during the 1970s, and the projects of female emancipation. This road also reminds us of Siad Barre’s dictatorship which forced Kaha to move to Italy. The ‘fourth road’ describes the current civil war, which broke out in 1991. It also describes the present condition of women who cover their bodies with burqas as if they were protecting themselves from a situation of violence and unpredictable danger.

The process of developing La quarta via into a documentary, La quarta via. Mogadiscio, Italia began in 2009 (Kimerafilm, 38’, 2012, Eng. sub., directed by Simone Brioni, Graziano Chiscuzzu and Ermanno Guida, written by Kaha Mohamed Aden and Simone Brioni, and attached to the volume Somalitalia. Quattro vie per Mogadiscio – Somalitalia. Four Roads to Mogadishu, edited by Simone Brioni). This documentary was awarded first prize at Libero Bizzarri Festival ‒ Mediaeducazione section in 2010, and was selected at the Medea Film Festival, Gorizia, in 2011. In La quarta via. Mogadiscio, Italia, Kaha narrates her memories of Mogadishu, her hometown, and reconstructs its story in Pavia. While the focus of the oral performance is to provide an interpretation and a reconstruction of recent Somali history, the documentary also raises questions concerning the link between territory and belonging and describes an alternative geography of Pavia. The ‘fourth road’ symbolises the actuality of civil war, but also negates the preceding periods and makes it necessary to set our hopes on a ‘fifth road’. La quarta via. Mogadiscio, Italia brings to our attention the issues of a land which shared a number of historical relationships with Italy in the past years; yet, this problematical aspect unfailingly tends to be overlooked by Italian mass media. The history of the city of Mogadishu gives rise to many important fundamental questions about the history of Italy itself, and its amnesia towards colonialism. Moreover, this documentary brings into question the concept of confines, not only in geographical, but also in cultural and identitarian terms. La quarta via. Mogadiscio, Italia aimed to present the story of a ‘new citizen’ in a country which appeared to be growing increasingly xenophobic and intolerant.

The memory and legacy of the Somali civil war is also at the centre of Dalmar. La disfavola degli elefanti, a dystopic fairy tale, in which elephants who are escaping from the war move to the land of bears. Their arrival will disrupt the bear community and cause tensions between the two groups of animals.

Kaha Mohamed Aden’s most relevant public appearances included keynote addresses at the Padiglione d’arte contemporanea, Milan, in 2003, the University of Warwick and the University of Oxford in 2011, the symposium ‘Postcolonial Italy: Between Assimilation and Integration’ organised by Flinders University and the Australasian Centre for Italian Studies in 2016, and the Italienisches Kulturinstitut Stuttgart in 2019. She was Honorary Research Associate at the Australasian Centre for Italian Studies in 2016.

Kaha Mohamed Aden died in Pavia on 12 December 2023 at the age of fifty-seven.

Compiled by Simone Brioni (New York)

Novels

Dalmar. La disfavola degli elefanti (Milan: Unicopli, 2019)

Collections of Short Stories

Fra-intendimenti (Rome: Nottetempo, 2010)

Short Stories

‘I sogni delle extrasignore e le loro padrone’ in La serva serve ed. by Cristina Morini (Milan: Derive Approdi, 2001, pp. 27-31)

‘1982: Fuga da casa’ (El- ghibli, 5, 2004). Online at http://archivio.el-ghibli.org/index.php%3Fid=1&issue=01_05&section=1&index_pos=4.html

‘Apriti Sesamo’ (Nuovi argomenti, 27, 2004, pp. 35-39)

‘Un tè serio bollente’ (Costruzione psicoanalitica, 10, 2005, pp. 59-61)

‘Autopresentazione’ in Forme della diversità: Genere, precarietà, intercultura ed. by Clotilde Barbarulli and Liana Borghi (Cagliari: CUEC, 2006, pp. 17-18)

‘Eeddo Maryan’ (Psiche,1, 2008, pp. 171-173)

‘Soggiorno’ in ABC della precarietà ed. by Il giardino dei ciliegi, Società italiana delle letterate, Le acrobate & corrente alternata, 2013, p. 15 [Originally written for xi ed. of Ad alta voce for the 150th anniversary of the Unification of Italy, 2011]. Online at http://www.ilgiardinodeiciliegi.firenze.it/old/nuovosito/documenti/anno%202014/librino%20abc%20def.pdf

‘La rana rosa – il mondo che viene e che va’ in Sfogati. La tua storia ha trovato un posto fisso ed. by Marta Zacchigna, 2014. Ebook: https://www.sfogati.net/e-book/

Oral Stories and Theatre Plays

Mettiti nei miei panni. Performed and narrated by Kaha Mohamed Aden: Università di Pavia, Pavia, 8 March 2003 (Oral Story)

La quarta via. Performed and narrated by Kaha Mohamed Aden: Pavia, 2004 (Oral Story)

La valigia della zia. Performed and narrated by Kaha Mohamed Aden: Villa Fiorelli, Prato, 3 September 2005 (Oral Story)

Specchio specchio delle mie brame chi è più abile nel reame? Villa Fiorelli, Prato, 23 August 2006 (Theatre Play)

Documentaries

La quarta via. Mogadiscio, Italia. Written by Kaha Mohamed Aden and Simone Brioni. Directed by Simone Brioni, Graziano Chiuscuzzu and Ermanno Guida (ITA 2012, 38’, with English subtitles). A selection of reviews of the documentary is available online at https://stonybrook.digication.com/simone_brioni/Documentary_Project

Articles

‘Donne e Islam: l’immagine nei media italiani’ in Donne, migrazione, diversità: l’Italia di oggi e di domani ed. by Commissione nazionale per la parità e le pari opportunità tra uomo e donna (Rome: Istituto poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, 2002, pp. 301-305)

‘“Nabad iyo Caano” Pace e latte’ (Africa e Mediterraneo, 81, 2014, pp. 34-38). Online at https://issuu.com/africa_e_mediterraneo/docs/aem_81_web_singole

‘Pour une paix durable’ in Le littératures de la Corne de l’Afrique. Regards croisés ed. by Paola Cabot-Ranzini (Paris: Karthala, 2016, pp. 203-205)

‘Cambio d’abito’ (Africa e Mediterraneo, 86, 2017, pp. 108-111). Online at https://acisnet.files.wordpress.com/2017/11/cambio-dabito-di-kaha-mohamed-aden.pdf

Dutch

‘Dalmar, Dritta en de Prachtige Barbier’ [Translation of ‘Dalmar, Dritta e il Magnifico Barbiere’ by Henrieke Herber and Francesca Sfondrini] (Incontri. Rivista europea di studi italiani, 32.2, 2017, pp. 97-104). Available online DOI: http://doi.org/10.18352/incontri.10223. This translation is introduced by a note from Kaha Mohamed Aden: ‘Nota al testo’ (Incontri. Rivista europea di studi italiani, 32.2, 2017, pp. 95-96). Available online DOI: http://doi.org/10.18352/incontri.10222

English

‘Open Sesame’ [Translation of ‘Apriti Sesamo’ by Simone Brioni] (Encyclopaedia of Afro-European Studies, 2013) Online at https://www.academia.edu/11785576/Kaha_Mohamed_Aden_-_http_www.encyclopediaofafroeuropeanstudies.eu_encyclopedia_kaha-mohamed-aden

‘An Afro-Arabia Shawl’ [Translation of ‘Uno scialle afro-arabeggiante’ by Simone Brioni] (Encyclopaedia of Afro-European Studies, 2013). Available online at https://www.academia.edu/11785576/Kaha_Mohamed_Aden_-_http_www.encyclopediaofafroeuropeanstudies.eu_encyclopedia_kaha-mohamed-aden

‘Granddad Y and the Colours of Allies’ [Translation of ‘Nonno Y e il colore degli Alleati’ by Emily Riley]. Available online at https://www.academia.edu/44432731/Kaha_Mohamed_Aden_Granddad_Y_and_the_Colours_of_Allie

Barbarulli, Clotilde: ‘Storia, corpi e mondo in testi migrant’ in World Wide Women. Globalizzazione, Generi, Linguaggi ,Volume 3, Selected Papers ed. by Tiziana Caponio, Fedora Giordano, Beatrice Manetti and Luisa Ricaldone (Turin: CIRSDe – Centro Interdisciplinare di Ricerche e Studi delle Donne Università degli Studi di Torino, 2011, pp. 175-184). Online at https://www.cirsde.unito.it/sites/c555/files/allegatiparagrafo/25-05-2016/e-book_9788890555633.pdf

Brioni, Simone: ‘Tradurre l’identità nell’Italia post- coloniale: La quarta via di Kaha Mohamed Aden’ (Altreitalie, 41, 2011, pp. 110-124)

—: ‘Pratiche “meticce”: Narrare il colonialismo italiano “a più mani”’ in Postcoloniale italiano: Tra letteratura e storia ed. by Franca Sinopoli (Latina: Novalogos, 2013, pp. 89-119)

—: ‘Autotraduction, traduction interculturelle et intersémiotique dans La quarta via de Kaha Mohamed Aden’ [Translated by Olivier Favier] (Écritures, 7, 2014, pp. 203-221)

—: ‘Memory, Belonging and the Right for Representation: Questions of “Home” in Kaha Mohamed Aden’s Fra-intendimenti’ in Shifting and Shaping a National Identity: A Study of Literature Written in Italian by and about Migrants in Italy ed. by Grace Russo Bullaro and Elena Benelli (Leicester: Troubador, 2014, pp. 23-42)

—: The Somali Within. Language, Race and Belonging in “Minor” Italian Literature (Cambridge: Legenda, 2015)

—: ‘Doppia temporalità e doppia spazialità: il cronotopo dei Fra-intendimenti di Kaha Mohamed Aden’ in Maschere sulla lingua: Negoziazioni e performance identitarie di migranti nell'Europa contemporanea ed. by Manuel Boschiero and Marika Piva (Bologna: Emil, 2016, pp. 27-38)

—: ‘“Un pas que ma jambe se refuse à faire”: expériences collaboratives et croisement de regards sur le colonialisme italien’ [Translated by Olivier Favier] in Le littératures de la Corne de l’Afrique. Regards croisés ed. by Paola Cabot-Ranzini (Paris: Karthala, 2016, pp. 173-202)

— [ed.]: Somalitalia: quattro vie per Mogadiscio / Somalitalia: Four Roads to Mogadishu (Rome: Kimerafilm, 2012)

Gerrand, Vivian: Possible Spaces of Somali Belonging (Melbourne: Melbourne University Publishing, 2016, pp. 142-143)

Jansen, Monica: ‘Le cinque vie di Kaha: i colori dei Fra-intendimenti’ (Narrativa, 33-34, 2012, pp. 237-248)

—: ‘“Relational” and “Translational” Practices of Postcolonial Citizenship in Kaha Mohamed Aden’s Fra-intendimenti’ in Italy and the Literatures from the Horn of Africa (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, Djibouti): Beyond the Language and the Territory ed. by Daniele Comberiati and Xavier Luffin (Rome: Aracne, 2018. pp. 93-109)

Le Gouez, Brigitte: “Fra-intendimenti entre Italie et Somalie. Pour une lecture de Kaha Mohamed Aden” in Xénographies féminines dans l’Europe d’aujourd’hui, ed. by Margarita Alfaro, Stéphane Sawas, Ana Belén Soto (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2020. pp. 15-30)

Lori, Laura: Inchiostro d’Africa. La letteratura postcoloniale somala fra diaspora e identità (Verona: Ombre Corte, 2013)

—: ‘Ciyaal missioni e la stolen generation somala: la violenza nell’incontro coloniale e religioso’ (Spunti e Ricerche, 33, 2018). Online at https://www.spuntiericerche.com/index.php/spuntiericerche/article/view/681

Marino, Alessandra: Review of Fra-intendimenti by Kaha Mohamed Aden (Anglistica, 15.1, 2011, pp. 139-142)

Vivan, Itala: ‘L’Italia postcoloniale. I nuovi scrittori venuti dall’Africa’ (Nuova informazione bibliografica, 2, 2012, pp. 279-302)

Liparini, Floriana: ‘Le cinque vie di Kaha’ (Guerre&pace, 162, February 2011). Online at http://www.storiemigranti.org/spip.php?article873

Clotilde Barbarulli: ‘Kaha Mohamed Aden e Ribka Sibhatu in dialogo con Clotilde Barbarulli’ in Poetiche politiche: Narrative, storie e culture delle donne ed. by Cristina Bracchi (Padua: Il Poligrafo, 2011, pp. 157-175)

Noya, Maria Magnani: ‘Kaha Mohamed Aden. Conversazione telefonica con Maria Magnani Noya’ in I matrimoni forzati nell’Europa multiculturale ed. by Zonta Club Moncalieri Area 3 Distretto 30, 2007, pp. 97-99. Online at http://www.zontamoncalieri.it/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ZCM-I-Matrimoni-Forzati-nellEuropa-multiculturale-2007.pdf

Zinato, Susanna: ‘Susanna Zinato dialoga con la scrittrice Kaha Mohamed Aden’ in Maschere sulla lingua: Negoziazioni e performance identitarie di migranti nell’Europa contemporanea ed. by Manuel Boschiero and Marika Piva (Bologna: Emil, 2016, pp. 17-25)

Kaha Mohamed Aden

Bibliography

Translations into Foreign Languages

Criticism

Interviews/in the Media